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Read online book The Fossil Trail : How We Know What We Think We Know about Human Evolution TXT, DJV


The Fossil Trail : How We Know What We Think We Know about Human Evolution download book DOC, EPUB, PDF


One of the most remarkable fossil finds in history occured in Laetoli,Tanzania, in 1974, when anthropologist Andrew Hill (diving to the ground toavoid a lump of elephant dung thrown by a colleague) came face to face with aset of ancient footprints captured in stone--the earliest recorded steps of ourfar-off human ancestors, some three million years old. Today we can see arecreation of the making of the Laetoli footprints at the American Museum ofNatural History, in a stunning diorama which depicts two of our human forebearswalking side by side through a snowy landscape of volcanic ash. But how do weknow what these three-million-year-old relatives looked like? How have wereconstructed the eons-long journey from our first ancient steps to where westand today? In short, how do we know what we think we know about humanevolution?In The Fossil Trail, Ian Tattersall, the head of the Anthropology Departmentat the American Museum of Natural History, takes us on a sweeping tour of thestudy of human evolution, offering a colorful history of fossil discoveries anda revealing insider's look at how these finds have been interpreted--andmisinterpreted--through time. All the major figures and discoveries are here. Wemeet Lamarck and Cuvier and Darwin (we learn that Darwin's theory of evolution,though a bombshell, was very congenial to a Victorian ethos of progress), rightup to modern theorists such as Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould. Tattersalldescribes Dubois's work in Java, the many discoveries in South Africa bypioneers such as Raymond Dart and Robert Broom, Louis and Mary Leakey's work atOlduvai Gorge, Don Johanson's famous discovery of "Lucy" (a 3.4 million-year-oldfemale hominid, some 40% complete), and the more recent discovery of the"Turkana Boy," even more complete than "Lucy," and remarkably similar to modernhuman skeletons. He discusses the many techniques available to analyze finds,from fluorine analysis (developed in the 1950s, it exposed Piltdown as a hoax)and radiocarbon dating to such modern techinques as electron spin resonance andthe analysis of human mitochondrial DNA. He gives us a succinct picture of whatwe presently think our "family tree" looks like, with at least three genera andperhaps a dozen species through time (though he warns that this greatlyunderestimates the actual diversity of hominids over the past two million or soyears). And he paints a vivid, insider's portrait of paleoanthropology, thedogged work in the broiling sun, searching for a tooth, or a fractured corner ofbone, amid stone litter and shadows, with no guarantee of ever finding anything.And perhaps most important, Tattersall looks at all these great researchers anddiscoveries within the context of their social and scientific milleau, to revealthe insidious ways that the received wisdom can shape how we interpret fossilfindings, that what we expect to find colors our understanding of what we dofind.Refreshingly opinionated and vividly narrated, The Fossil Trail is the onlybook available to general readers that offers a full history of our study ofhuman evolution. A fascinating story with intriguing turns along the way, thiswell-illustrated volume is essential reading for anyone curious about our humanorigins., One of the most remarkable fossil finds in history occurred in Laetoli, Tanzania, in 1974, when anthropologist Andrew Hill (diving to the ground to avoid a lump of elephant dung thrown by a colleague) came face to face with a set of ancient footprints captured in stone--the earliest recordedsteps of our far-off human ancestors, some three million years old. Today we can see a recreation of the making of the Laetoli footprints at the American Museum of Natural History, in a stunning diorama which depicts two of our human forebears walking side by side through a snowy landscape ofvolcanic ash. But how do we know what these three-million-year-old relatives looked like? How have we reconstructed the eons-long journey from our first ancient steps to where we stand today? In short, how do we know what we think we know about human evolution? In The Fossil Trail, Ian Tattersall, the head of the Anthropology Department at the American Museum of Natural History, takes us on a sweeping tour of the study of human evolution, offering a colorful history of fossil discoveries and a revealing insider's look at how these finds have beeninterpreted--and misinterpreted--through time. All the major figures and discoveries are here. We meet Lamarck and Cuvier and Darwin (we learn that Darwin's theory of evolution, though a bombshell, was very congenial to a Victorian ethos of progress), right up to modern theorists such as NilesEldredge and Stephen Jay Gould. Tattersall describes Dubois's work in Java, the many discoveries in South Africa by pioneers such as Raymond Dart and Robert Broom, Louis and Mary Leakey's work at Olduvai Gorge, Don Johanson's famous discovery of "Lucy" (a 3.4 million-year-old female hominid, some40% complete), and the more recent discovery of the "Turkana Boy," even more complete than "Lucy," and remarkably similar to modern human skeletons. He discusses the many techniques available to analyze finds, from fluorine analysis (developed in the 1950s, it exposed Piltdown as a hoax) andradiocarbon dating to such modern techniques as electron spin resonance and the analysis of human mitochondrial DNA. He gives us a succinct picture of what we presently think our "family tree" looks like, with at least three genera and perhaps a dozen species through time (though he warns that thisgreatly underestimates the actual diversity of hominids over the past two million or so years). And he paints a vivid, insider's portrait of paleoanthropology, the dogged work in the broiling sun, searching for a tooth, or a fractured corner of bone, amid stone litter and shadows, with no guaranteeof ever finding anything. And perhaps most important, Tattersall looks at all these great researchers and discoveries within the context of their social and scientific milleu, to reveal the insidious ways that the received wisdom can shape how we interpret fossil findings, that what we expect tofind colors our understanding of what we do find. Refreshingly opinionated and vividly narrated, The Fossil Trail is the only book available to general readers that offers a full history of our study of human evolution. A fascinating story with intriguing turns along the way, this well-illustrated volume is essential reading for anyone curiousabout our human origins., Relating the full history of the major hominid fossil finds, this study explores how palaeontologists have come to their present understanding of human evolution. It describes the specific events that have influenced scientific knowledge concerning the origins of the human species.
0195061012

English
9780195061017

- Martial Arts Teachers on Teaching (1995, Paperback) PDF, MOBI, DOC


Teaching is an art. Effective martial arts teachers must not only be competent practitioners but must also develop the communication and interpersonal skills of any good teacher. In this collection, twenty-six experienced martial arts teachers discuss the process of learning and teaching a martial art, from the 'nuts and bolts' of teaching technique to the philosophical underpinnings of training.
1883319099

English
9781883319090

Travel Guide: Southwest Usa's Best Trips : 32 Amazing Road Trips by Lisa Dunford DJV, EPUB, MOBI


* 41 routes and walking tours through national parks, Old West towns, wine regions, cities and Native American sites* Classic Trips include Route 66, Grand Canyon, Four Corners and Texas Hill Country* Includes trips in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Texas and Nevada, 41 routes and walking tours through national parks, Old West towns, wine regions, cities and Native American sites Classic Trips include Route 66, Grand Canyon, Four Corners and Texas Hill Country Includes trips in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Texas and Nevada, Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Discover the freedom of the open road with Lonely Planet's Southwest USA's Best Trips, your passport to the most up-to-date advice on unique experiences that await you along America's highways. This guide features 32 amazing road trips, from two-day escapes to two-week adventures. Hike two billion years into the past at the gaping Grand Canyon, 'travel the world' on the Vegas Strip, or cruise historic Americana along Route 66; all with your trusted travel companion. Jump in the car, cue up your driving playlist, and hit the road! Inside Lonely Planet's Southwest USA's Best Trips: - Lavish color and gorgeous photography on every page to inspire you as you plan - Itineraries and planning advice help you pick the right routes for you and tailor your trip to your needs and interests - Get around easily with 116 easy-to-read, full-color regional and route maps and detailed directions - Insider tips about local driving rules, parking, toll roads, and more help you get around like a local to avoid trouble spots and be safe on the road - Essential info at your fingertips - including hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, and prices - Honest reviews for all budgets - including eating, sleeping, and sight-seeing - Useful features - including Stretch Your Legs, Detours, and Link Your Trip - Coverage of Route 66, the Grand Canyon, Las Vegas, Arizona deserts, Phoenix, Santa Fe, New Mexico's Enchanted Circle, the Texas Hill Country, Big Bend, Austin, San Antonio, Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks, Monument Valley, Moab and southeastern Utah, Denver, and much more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet's Southwest USA's Best Trips is perfect for those planning to explore the USA's Southwest in the classic American way - by road trip! - Looking for more extensive coverage? Lonely Planet's Southwest USA guide, our most comprehensive guide to the Southwest, is perfect for those planning to both explore top sights and lesser-known gems. - Looking for a guide focused on Las Vegas? Check out Lonely Planet's Discover Las Vegas, a photo-rich guide to the city's most popular attractions. There's More in Store for You: Whether you're exploring your own backyard or somewhere entirely new, Lonely Planet's Best Trips guides will ensure you have an amazing time exploring the varied landscapes, histories, and cultures of 'America the beautiful.' Check out Lonely Planet's California's Best Trips, Pacific Northwest's Best Trips, New England's Best Trips, Florida & the South's Best Trips, New York & the Mid-Atlantic's Best Trips, and USA's Best Trips for more road-tripping ideas. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet, Amy C Balfour, Michael Benanav, Greg Benchwick, Lisa Dunford, Mariella Krause, Carolyn McCarthy and Ryan Ver Berkmoes. About Lonely Planet: Started in 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel guide publisher with guidebooks to every destination on the planet, as well as an award-winning website, a suite of mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveler community. Lonely Planet's mission is to enable curious travelers to experience the world and to truly get to the heart of the places they find themselves in. TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice Awards 2012 and 2013 winner in Favorite Travel Guide category 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - The New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' -Fairfax Media (Australia), Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Whether exploring your own back yard or somewhere new, discover the freedom of the Southwest's open roads with Lonely Planet's Southwest USA's Best Trips, your passport to unique experiences that await you along some of America's most iconic highways. Featuring 32 amazing road trips, from two-day escapes to two-week adventures, you can cruise historic Route 66 or be captivated by red-hued rock formations, all with your trusted travel companion. Jump in the car, cue up your driving playlist, and hit the road Inside Lonely Planet's Southwest USA's Best Trips: Lavish color and gorgeous photography throughout Itineraries and planning advice to pick the right tailored routes for your needs and interests Get around easily - 116 easy-to-read, full-color route maps, detailed directions Insider tips to get around like a local, avoid trouble spots and be safe on the road - local driving rules, parking, toll roads Essential info at your fingertips - hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, prices Honest reviews for all budgets - eating, sleeping, sight-seeing, hidden gems that most guidebooks miss Useful features - including Stretch Your Legs, Detours, and Link Your Trip Covers Route 66, Grand Canyon, Las Vegas, Arizona deserts, Phoenix, Santa Fe, New Mexico's Enchanted Circle, Texas Hill Country, Big Bend, Austin, San Antonio, Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks, Monument Valley, Moab, Utah, Denver and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet's Southwest USA's Best Trips is perfect for exploring the Southwest in the classic American way - by road trip Planning a trip to the region sans a car? Lonely Planet's Southwest USA guide, our most comprehensive guide to the Southwest, is perfect exploring both top sights and lesser-known gems. Looking for a guide focused on Las Vegas? Check out Discover Las Vegas, a photo-rich guide to the city's most popular attractions. There's More in Store for You: For more road-tripping ideas, check out Lonely Planet's USA Best Trips guides to New England, California, Pacific Northwest, Florida & the South, New York & the Mid-Atlantic, and USA. Or start with our FREE SAMPLER 'USA's Best Trips: 7 Amazing Road Trips, ' with excerpts from each guide to help you pick which region to explore first. Also, check out Lonely Planet's European Best Trips guides to Italy, France, and Ireland and our FREE SAMPLER 'Europe's Best Trips: 3 Amazing Road Trips' for more road trip inspiration. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet, Amy C Balfour, Michael Benanav, Greg Benchwick, Lisa Dunford, Mariella Krause, Carolyn McCarthy and Ryan Ver Berkmoes. About Lonely Planet: Since 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel media company with guidebooks to every destination, an award-winning website, mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveler community. Lonely Planet covers must-see spots but also enables curious travelers to get off beaten paths to understand more of the culture of the places in which they find themselves.
1741798124

English
9781741798128
The project is the first structure of its kind in Eastern Canada, making it an exciting achievement that sets a high standard and precedence for future similar structures to be built in the Region.There are many different ways to prepare for an Advanced Placement® exam.Here's how it works: Review the Book: Study the topics tested on the AP European History exam and learn proven AP strategies that will help you tackle any question you may see on test day.A wide variety of exercises follow for review and reinforcement.What, in the psychoanalytic method, is related to it?In other countries, their political relevance remains very limited.
The Green Library Planner : What Every Librarian Needs to Know Before Starting to Build or Renovate download book TXT, DOC, PDF


Green buildings are better buildings. In fact, buildings use 36% of the energy in the United States, according to the Environmental Protection Agency, so green buildings that use less energy help to address the very real challenges of reliance on fossil fuel and climate change. More than only being environmentally responsible, green libraries are beautiful, cost-effective, high-performance buildings that enhance occupant health and comfort. The Green Library Planner is designed for members of library building design teams who typically are not actively engaged in architecture, construction, or engineering, but who need an introduction to the rationale for green buildings, the elements of green building, and the language of the field. It will be equally useful for public officials, boards, or administrators who are considering a new green library building, a renovated library structure, or sustainable elements for a current library facility. Mary M. Carr, a library director who is also a LEED-Accredited Professional with national certification, first introduces the basic tenets of green building. She then covers the gamut of green building from design, through all phases of construction or renovation, to operations and maintenance. Chapter highlights include: .Fundamentals of Sustainable Building .The Importance of Place .Energy and Lighting .Indoor Environmental Quality .Water Conservation and Quality .Sustainable Construction Management Techniques .Commissioning Sustainable Operations and Maintenance With this information the librarian, and related library staff and administrators, will be able to design, build or renovate, and operate the library in the best way possible, while considering the environmental and economic challenges faced, locally and globally, in the 21st century.
0810887363

English
9780810887367
The result is this beautiful, previously unpublished book of all her accurate and informative illustrations, painted over a period of 45 years.In Every Dog Has a Gift , Rachel McPherson draws on her experience as the founder and executive director of The Good Dog Foundation, the largest animal-assisted therapy organization on the East Coast, to share the amazing stories of dogs that bring hope and healing into our lives.A complete guide is included for digital administration and scoring using Q-interactive, automated scoring using Q-global, and hand scoring.This fully revised and updated third edition uses international case studies in every chapter, from the NBA and NFL to Formula One and the English Premier League, offering real-world insight into both larger and smaller events.Originally published in 1969.Mo�se takes up the complexities of Haitian culture, the immigrant experience, sexuality and gender, and bearing witness.In the love of his country, his family, and his maker, Phil has finally found the ingredients to the good life he always wanted.Rosamund Lupton ("Sister") Both gripping and sensitive beautifully written, it is a compulsive, aching story full of loss and redemption.In time her fingers became stained with the lead of the pencil he had used to write his manuscript, as she devoted herself to understanding who he was, why he disappeared, and what legacy she had inherited.These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions.
Princeton Legacy Library: A World Ruled by Margaret Schabas download EPUB, MOBI


If any single characteristic differentiates current, neoclassical economics from the classical economics of Adam Smith and David Ricardo, it is the use of mathematics. Pointing to the critical role of William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882), Margaret Schabas demonstrates that the advent of mathematical economics in late Victorian England resulted more from new currents in logic and the philosophy of science than from problems specific to the classical theory of value and distribution. Jevons's Principles of Science (1874) was the first book to take issue with John Stuart Mill's faith in inductive reasoning, to assimilate George Boole's mathematical logic, and to discern many of the limitations that beset scientific inquiry. Together with a renewed appreciation for Bentham's utility calculus, these philosophical insights served to convince Jevons and his followers that the economic world is fundamentally quantitative and thus amenable to mathematical analysis. Originally published in 1990. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
0691634807


9780691634807

Download Jill Littrell - Neuroscience for Psychologists and Other Mental Health Professionals : Promoting Well-Being and Treating Mental Illness FB2, DOC


Harnesses new research about the link between neuroscience and immunology that underlies promising nonpharmacological treatment for mental disorders As researchers learn more about the neuroscience and neurobiology of mental disorders, the prevailing understanding of how to treat these conditions-often favoring the use of psychotropic medications-is changing rapidly. This book harnesses cutting-edge research about how neuroscience integrated with recent findings in immunology can explain behavioral syndromes and describes nonpharmacological approaches for ameliorating psychic distress and promoting wellbeing. The text discusses the pros and cons of using pharmaceuticals for treating different categories of mental distress in adults and children while illuminating key developments in alternative approaches to treatment-encompassing lifestyle changes related to diet, exercise, and strong interpersonal relationships-that have value and can lead to improved outcomes without medication. These new approaches are discussed as additions to the other research-validated techniques that are already offered in the therapeutic community. The book presents the latest neuroscience and physiological explanations behind the major diagnostic categories of mental illness-including schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and addiction-that underlie traditional pharmaceutical treatment interventions and describe how and why non-pharmaceutical treatment strategies can be effective. It integrates current information about brain function and its chemical underpinnings with new research about immunology that identifies the mechanism through which lifestyle changes can obviate stress and offer new avenues for wellbeing. Of particular note is cutting-edge information about fast-spiking GABA interneurons and the role of NMDA receptors in psychosis, the role of inflammatory processes in mood disorders, and gut microbiota's influence on inflammation. The book also explores the physiology undergirding health and resilience, offering a research-based rationale for viewing the mind and body as inseparable for treatment purposes. Students and mental health professionals in social work, counseling, and psychology will learn the benefits of delivering treatment interventions geared toward prevention and amelioration of distress, through lifestyle changes such as diet, exercise, and maintaining regular sleep and daily routines. Key Features: Presents the latest information on the neuroscience behind disorders such as schizophrenia, major depression, anxiety disorders, and addictions Explains the mechanisms through which diet and exercise can influence mood disorders and psychosis Covers the latest on the efficacy and side effects of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and stimulants Discusses ADHD, depression, pediatric bipolar, issues for children in the child welfare system, and advocacy efforts Prepares mental health professionals to provide services in a primary health care setting in the role of the behavioral health professional, This book presents the latest neuroscience and physiological explanations behind the major diagnostic categories of mental illnessoincluding schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and addictionoand explains the physiological bases that underlie traditional pharmaceutical treatment interventions. Crucially, it integrates current information about brain function with new research on immunology, offering a research-based rationale for viewing the mind and the body as an integrated system. The new information on the physiological bases for behavior explains how lifestyle interventions related to diet, exercise, and interpersonal relationships can have dramatic therapeutic effects on mental health. Of particular note in this book is cutting-edge information on fast-spiking GABA interneurons and the role of NMDA receptors in psychosis, the role of inflammatory processes in mood disorders, and gut microbiota's influence on inflammation. Beyond the physiology undergirding distress, the book also explores the physiological bases for health and resilience. Students and mental health professionals in social work, counseling, and psychology will learn how the same mechanisms available for overcoming mental anguish can be utilized for achieving life satisfaction. KEY FEATURES: Discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, pediatric bipolar disorder, issues for children in the child welfare system, and advocacy efforts Presents the latest information on the efficacy and side effects of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and stimulants Explains the mechanisms through which diet and exercise can influence mood disorders and psychosis Prepares mental health professionals to provide services in primary care settings in the role of the behavioral health professional "
0826122787

English
9780826122780
In addition to his achievements as a versatile designer at the forefront of the arts and crafts movement, Morris distinguished himself as a poet, translated Icelandic sagas and classical epics, wrote a series of influential prose romances, and gave lectures promoting his socialist principles.Fillip Jacobsen.Smith documented each photograph, the captions often running a half page or more in length.Intertextuality, on the other hand, is a concept unconcerned with authors as individuals; it treats all texts as part of a network of discourse that includes culture, history, and social practices as well as other literary works.The early Beowulf that overwhelmingly emerges here asks hard questions, and the same strictly defined measures of metre, spelling, onomastics, semantics, genealogy, and historicity all cry out to be tested further and applied more broadly to the whole corpus of Old English verse." Andy Orchard, Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, University of Oxford.Volume 3 includes ballads of Sir Gawain, King Arthur and St George and the Dragon, and contains the additions and corrections to all three volumes., While visiting a friend, the writer and cleric Thomas Percy (1729–1811) noticed a neglected folio whose pages were being used by the maids to light the fire.Furthermore, it seeks to change the way literary scholars think about futurity with regard to American poetry: they most often conceive of it in terms of newness alone, yet a deeper theorization of beginnings must open up new ways of understanding the complexities of this relation.Japan's enthusiasm for photography emerged alongside a retail and consumer revolution that marketed products and activities that fit into a modern, tasteful, middle-class lifestyle.Volumes 1 and 2 - the fiction - bring together 220 stories and story fragments, expanding considerably on a previous 'definitive' edition of 85 stories.This eight-volume collection of Moore's memoirs, diaries and letters, edited by his friend Lord John Russell (1792-1878) and first published between 1853 and 1856, provides rare insights into a man whose genius was applauded by the Morning Chronicle as 'embracing almost all sides of imaginative literature, of criticism and philosophy'.He endures danger, denunciation, imprisonment, torture - but he breaks the chains of the Collective, he escapes with the woman he loves, to start a new life in an uncharted wilderness, and he reaches the day when he is able to predict that "my home will become the capital of a world where each man will be free to exist for his own sake." Anthem presents not merely a frightening projection of existing trends, but, more importantly, a positive answer to those trends and a weapon against them, a key to the world's moral crisis and to a new morality of individualism - a morality which, if accepted today, will save us from a future such as the one presented in this story.More than fifty short essays centered on specific writers and literary trends create an engaging and easily digestible history of Chinese literature from the Qing period (1895-1911) to today.
Routledge Research in Architecture: The Architecture of San Juan de Puerto Rico : Five Centuries of Urban and Architectural Experimentation read online PDF, DOC, TXT


As San Juan nears the 500th anniversary of its founding Arleen Pabon-Charneco explores the urban and architectural developments that have taken place over the last 5 centuries to develop the site from a small Caribbean enclave to a sprawling modern capital. As the oldest European settlement in the United States and second oldest in the Western Hemisphere, San Juan is an example of the experimentation that took place in the American "borderland" from 1519 to 1898, when Spanish sovereignty ended. The author also investigates post-1898 examples to explore how architectural ideas were exported from the mainland United States. Pabon-Charneco covers the varied architectural periods and styles, aesthetic theories, and conservation practices of the region, and explains how the development of the architectural and urban artifacts reflect the political, cultural, social and religious aspects that developed a small military garrison into a urban center of international significance. ", As San Juan nears the 500th anniversary of its founding, Arleen Pabon explores the urban and architectural developments that have taken place over the last 5 centuries to develop the site from a small Caribbean enclave to a fully-fledged working city. As the oldest post-European city in the United States and second oldest in the Western Hemisphere, San Juan is an example of the experimentation that took place in the American "borderland" from 1519 until 1898, when Spanish sovereignty ended. The author also investigates post 1898 examples to explore how American architectural ideas were exported beyond the mainland. Pabon covers the varied architectural periods and styles, aesthetic theories, and conservation practices of the region, and explains how the development of the architectural and urban artifacts reflect the political, cultural, social and religious aspects that developed a small military garison into a prized possession of the United States. ", As San Juan nears the 500th anniversary of its founding, Arleen Pabón explores the urban and architectural developments that have taken place over the last 5 centuries to develop the site from a small Caribbean enclave to a fully-fledged working city. As the oldest post-European city in the United States and second oldest in the Western Hemisphere, San Juan is an example of the experimentation that took place in the American "borderland" from 1519 until 1898, when Spanish sovereignty ended. The author also investigates post 1898 examples to explore how American architectural ideas were exported beyond the mainland. Pabón covers the varied architectural periods and styles, aesthetic theories, and conservation practices of the region, and explains how the development of the architectural and urban artifacts reflect the political, cultural, social and religious aspects that developed a small military garison into a prized possession of the United States., As San Juan nears the 500thanniversary of its founding Arleen Pabón-Charneco explores the urban and architectural developments that have taken place over the last 5 centuries to develop the site from a small Caribbean enclave to a sprawling modern capital. As the oldest European settlement in the United States and second oldest in the Western Hemisphere, San Juan is an example of the experimentation that took place in the American "borderland" from 1519 to 1898, when Spanish sovereignty ended. The author also investigates post-1898 examples to explore how architectural ideas were exported from the mainland United States. Pabón-Charneco covers the varied architectural periods and styles, aesthetic theories, and conservation practices of the region, and explains how the development of the architectural and urban artifacts reflect the political, cultural, social and religious aspects that developed a small military garrison into a urban center of international significance.
1138917125


9781138917125